1. Introduction

2. Gas supply in Hong Kong

3. System components

4. Design considerations

5. Gas pipe sizing

• Gas Street Lamps (Duddell Street, Central, HK) (4:46) https://youtu.be/ZJO99leDtwM
• 地下秩序：地下氣息 (21:21) https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Us41127tz/
• Hong Kong, Ngau Tau Kok underground towngas explosion (11 Apr 2006) (7:45) https://youtu.be/ba5M3Lw9SMU
  
• Kaohsiung Gas Explosion (31 Jul 2014):
  
• Gas Explosions in Taiwan Caught on Camera (2:46) https://youtu.be/a51j26Zkuwk
• Massive Taiwan gas explosion kills 24 - BBC News (1:16) https://youtu.be/R-pOxuR8mpU
  
• The Kaohsiung Gas Explosion (Disaster Documentary) (10:59) https://youtu.be/TGBvkkmjt-s

• EMSD, 2012. Code of Practice GU 21 Requirements for Town Gas Installations for Catering Purposes in Restaurants and Food Preparation Establishments, Gas Authority, Electrical and Mechanical Services Department, Hong Kong. https://www.emsd.gov.hk/en/gas_safety/publications/codes_of_practice/
• Gas Safety Portal (EMSD) https://www.emsd.gov.hk/gsp/en/
• Overview on Gas Safety https://www.emsd.gov.hk/gsp/en/b01.html
• Gas Installation Work and Registered Gas Contractors https://www.emsd.gov.hk/gsp/en/b04.html
• Gas pipe sizing http://wiki.diyfaq.org.uk/index.php/Gas_pipe_sizing
• How to calculate pipe size in domestic installations https://www.installeronline.co.uk/how-to-calculate-pipe-size-in-domestic-installations/
• Fuel gas accidents in Hong Kong:
• (2024) Government urges public to stop using "energy-saving ring" on gas cookers to avoid carbon monoxide poisoning https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202402/05/P2024020500512.htm
• 廚房「神器」聚火罩或引一氧 化碳中毒　業內人士籲勿私自加裝 | 香港01 https://www.hk01.com/article/623429
  
• (2015) Fatal garage blast in Hong Kong caused by mechanic unqualified for fuel tank repair, High Court jury told https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-and-crime/article/3092538/fatal-garage-blast-hong-kong-caused-mechanic
• (2000) Pair died from water heater fumes in home https://www.scmp.com/article/313122/pair-died-water-heater-fumes-home
• Prevent Gas Accidents - Case Analysis https://www.emsd.gov.hk/en/gas_safety/gas_safety_tips_to_users/prevent_gas_accidents_case_analysis/

• EMSD, 2021. Handbook on Design, Operation and Maintenance of Gas Utilisation Facilities, Electrical and Mechanical Services Department (EMSD), Hong Kong. https://www.emsd.gov.hk/filemanager/en/content_266/Handbook_Gas_Utilisation_Facilities.pdf
  
• Gas Authority Hong Kong, 2018. Code of Practice: Avoidance of Damage to Gas Pipes, 2nd Edition, Gas Authority, the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong. https://www.emsd.gov.hk/en/gas_safety/publications/codes_of_practice/
  
• Hall F. and Greeno R., 2017. Building Services Handbook, 9th ed., Chapter 10, Routledge, Oxford, UK. [HKALL]
• IGEM, 2013. Defining the End of the Network, a Meter Installation and Installation Pipework, IGEM/G/1 Edition 2, Communication 1765, Institution of Gas Engineers and Managers (IGEM), Derbyshire, UK. https://www.igem.org.uk/_resources/assets/attachment/full/0/15081.pdf
  
• IGEM, 2012. Definitions for the Gas Industry, IGEM/G/4 Edition 2, Communication 1763, Institution of Gas Engineers and Managers (IGEM), Derbyshire, UK. https://www.igem.org.uk/technical-services/technical-gas-standards/general/igem-g-4-edition-2-definitions-for-the-gas-industry/

• The History of Gas (National Gas Museum) http://www.nationalgasmuseum.org.uk/the-history-of-gas/
• The Gas Explosion in Hong Kong (11 Apr 2006, at Ngau Tau Kok) http://zonaeuropa.com/20060412_1.htm
  
• Hong Kong, Ngau Tau Kok underground towngas explosion (CableTV news) (YouTube) (7:45) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ba5M3Lw9SMU
• 2014 Kaohsiung gas explosion http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Kaohsiung_gas_explosions
• Registered Gas Supply Companies List https://www.emsd.gov.hk/en/gas_safety/registers/registered_gas_supply_companies_list/
  
• Gas Safety (EMSD) https://www.emsd.gov.hk/en/gas_safety/
  
• Codes of Practice by Gas Standards Office https://www.emsd.gov.hk/en/gas_safety/publications/codes_of_practice/
  
• Gas Safety Ordinance (Cap. 51)
  
• Gas Safety Tips to Users http://www.emsd.gov.hk/en/gas_safety/gas_safety_tips_to_users/
  
• General https://www.emsd.gov.hk/en/gas_safety/publications/general/
  
• Guidance Notes https://www.emsd.gov.hk/en/gas_safety/publications/guidance_notes/
• Inspections and Maintenance of Service Risers and Installation Pipes http://www.emsd.gov.hk/en/gas_safety/gas_safety_tips_to_users/inspections_and_maintenance_of_service_risers/
  
• Registers http://www.emsd.gov.hk/en/gas_safety/registers/
  
• Types of Domestic Fuel Gases and Their Properties http://www.emsd.gov.hk/en/gas_safety/gas_safety_tips_to_users/types_of_domestic_fuel_gases_and_their_properties/
  
• Hong Kong and China Gas Company Limited http://www.hkcg.com/
  
• Towngas 1862-2012: Lighting the Past. Brightening the Future 煤氣150周年紀念特刊 https://www.towngas.com/getmedia/0768521f-bd6d-4c9e-8822-c31b14ac5e00/%E7%85%A4%E6%B0%A3150%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E7%89%B9%E5%88%8A.pdf.aspx?ext=.pdf
  
• The Hongkong and China Gas Company Ltd / Towngas – 150th Anniversary 2012 – superb photographs http://industrialhistoryhk.org/hongkong-china-gas-company-towngas-150th-anniversary-2012-superb-photographs/
  
• The Hongkong and China Gas Company Ltd – early history from 1860s http://industrialhistoryhk.org/hongkong-china-gas-company-early-history-1860s/
  
• The Hongkong and China Gas Company Ltd – explosion 14th May 1934, 42 killed http://industrialhistoryhk.org/the-hongkong-and-china-gas-company-ltd-explosion-14th-may-1934-42-killed/
  
• Institution of Gas Engineers & Managers (IGEM), UK http://www.igem.org.uk/
• LPG - Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas
• 機電工程署於 2021 年為氣體業界提供的氣體安全事項簡介會 https://www.emsd.gov.hk/tc/gas_safety/online_learning/gas_safety_seminar_briefing_in_2021/
  
• 住宅氣體裝置定期安全檢查注意事 項 https://www.emsd.gov.hk/filemanager/tc/content_1468/gsb_2021_2.pdf
• 氣體裝置工程須知及個案分享 https://www.emsd.gov.hk/filemanager/tc/content_1468/gsb_2021_5.pdf
• NICEIC Gas Pocket Guides http://www.niceic.com/contractor/for-contractors/gas/niceic-gas-pocket-guides
  
• A Guide to Domestic Pipe Sizing (Single Appliances - NG) http://www.niceic.com/medialib/www.niceic.com/PDF/Gas-Pocket-Guide-4A.pdf
• A Guide to Domestic Pipe Sizing (Multiple Appliances - NG) http://www.niceic.com/medialib/www.niceic.com/Contractors/Gas-Pocket-Guide-4B.pdf