Figure 1.1 Electricity Consumption in Hong Kong
Figure 1.2 Average Electricity Charge in Hong Kong
Figure 2.1 Major Components of Building Energy Consumption
Figure 2.2 Energy, Thermal and Environmental Performances of Buildings
Figure 2.3 Energy Analysis in the Building Design Process
Figure 2.4 Cooling System Architecture and Energy Flow Paths
Figure 2.5 Major Elements of Building Energy Simulation
Figure 2.6 Design and Typical Weather for Load and Energy Calculations
Figure 3.1 Basic Structure of ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1989
Figure 3.2 Development of California, ASHRAE and ASEAN Standards
Figure 3.3 Comparison of Solar Factors for Different OTTV Methods
Figure 3.4 Solar Factors Estimated from ASHRAE Solar Heat Gain Factors
Figure 3.5 Requirements and Compliance of Building Energy Standards
Figure 3.6 Development Process of Building Energy Standard
Figure 4.1 Overview of the 'WSTAT' and 'FREQ' Programs
Figure 4.2 Monthly Average Dry-bulb Temperature for ASEAN and Hong Kong
Figure 4.3 Monthly Average Wet-bulb Temperature for ASEAN and Hong Kong
Figure 4.4 Monthly Average Daily Total Global Solar Radiation for ASEAN and Hong Kong
Figure 4.5 Probability Distribution Functions of Hourly Dry-bulb Temperature
Figure 4.6 Probability Distribution Functions of Hourly Wet-bulb Temperature
Figure 4.7 Probability Distribution Functions of Daily Total Global Solar Radiation
Figure 4.8 Probability Distribution Functions of Hourly Relative Humidity
Figure 4.9 Cumulative Distribution Functions of Hourly Dry-bulb Temperature
Figure 4.10 Cumulative Distribution Functions of Hourly Wet-bulb Temperature
Figure 4.11 Cumulative Frequency for Summer Design Temperatures
Figure 4.12 Cumulative Frequency for Winter Design Temperatures
Figure 4.13 Year-round Contour Map of Dry-bulb Temperature
Figure 4.14 Year-round Contour Map of Wet-bulb Temperature
Figure 4.15 Year-round Contour Map of Relative Humidity
Figure 4.16 Year-round Contour Map of Global Solar Radiation
Figure 4.17 Frequency Chart of Simultaneous Dry-bulb and Wet-bulb Temperatures of Hong Kong for the Summer Period
Figure 4.18 Frequency Chart of Simultaneous Dry-bulb and Wet-bulb Temperatures of Hong Kong for the Winter Period
Figure 4.19 Frequency Chart of Simultaneous Dry-bulb and Wet-bulb Temperatures of Hong Kong for the Whole-year Period
Figure 5.1 Overview of the TRYSEL' Program
Figure 5.2 Overview of the 'NPARM' Program
Figure 5.3 Generation of Weather Files for Building Energy Simulation
Figure 5.4 Overview of the 'TMYF', 'TRYF' and 'AUSF' Programs
Figure 5.5 Comparison of Annual Electricity MWh for Different Weather Files
Figure 5.6 Correlation of Monthly Electricity MWh for Different Weather Files
Figure 5.7 Monthly Electricity MWh from DOE-2 and BLAST
Figure 5.8 Deviations of Monthly MWh for DOE-2 TMY Files
Figure 5.9 Deviations of Monthly MWh for BLAST TMY Files
Figure 6.1 Computer Modelling and Simulation Cycle
Figure 6.2 Basic Concept of Sequential Simulation
Figure 6.3 Automated Building Energy Simulation and Analysis Process
Figure 6.4 Overview of the 'AUTODOE2' and 'OKBLAST' Programs
Figure 6.5 Typical Floor of Base Case Office Building
Figure 6.6 Input-output Analysis of Simulation System
Figure 6.7 Categorisation of Input Parameters
Figure 6.8 Breakdown of Annual Building Electricity Consumption for the Base Case Model
Figure 6.9 Breakdown of Building Design Cooling Load for the Base Case Model
Figure 6.10 Effects of External Shading on Annual Electricity MWh
Figure 6.11 Effects of Window Design on Annual Electricity MWh
Figure 6.12 Effects of U-values of Building Structure on Annual Electricity MWh
Figure 6.13 Sensitivity of Annual Electricity MWh and Peak Electricity kW for Floor Weight
Figure 6.14 Monthly Profiles of Electricity MWh for Shading Coefficient
Figure 6.15 Monthly Profiles of Electricity MWh for Outdoor Air Flow Rate
Figure 6.16 Monthly Profiles of Electricity MWh for Chiller Coefficient of Performance
Figure 6.17 Methodology of OTTV Analysis for Building Energy Standards
Figure 6.18 Comparison of MWh Prediction Using Randomised Simulation Inputs for Load Model
Figure 6.19 Comparison of MWh Prediction Using Randomised Simulation Inputs for System Model
Figure 6.20 Comparison of MWh Prediction Using Randomised Simulation Inputs for Plant Model
Figure 6.21 Comparison of MWh Regression Fit for the 12-parameter Model
Figure 6.22 Comparison of MWh Prediction Using Randomised Simulation  Inputs for the 12-parameter Model

Table 2.1 List of Common Building Energy Simulation Programs
Table 2.2 Evaluation and Validation Studies of Building Energy Simulation and Design Tools
Table 3.1 Comparison of OTTV Standards in ASEAN and Hong Kong
Table 3.2 Key Envelope Parameters of Reference Building
Table 3.3 Comparison of OTTV Components and Limits
Table 4.1 Hourly Weather Data Collected from ROHK
Table 4.2 Monthly Averages of Important Weather Data of Hong Kong
Table 4.3 Outdoor Design Temperatures of Hong Kong
Table 4.4 Recommended Outdoor Design Conditions for Hong Kong
Table 4.5 Descriptive Statistics for Hourly Dry-bulb and Wet-bulb Temperatures
Table 4.6 Descriptive Statistics for Hourly Global Solar Radiation, Wind Speed, Relative Humidity and Dew-point Temperature
Table 5.1 Major Research Studies on Typical Years
Table 5.2 Rankings in the ASHRAE Test Reference Year Procedure
Table 5.3 Selection of Test Reference Years for Hong Kong Using ASHRAE Method
Table 5.4 Weather Indices and Weighting Factors for TMY Method
Table 5.5 Proposed Weighting Factors and Indices for TMY Selection
Table 5.6 TMY Selection for Hong Kong Using Daily Indices
Table 5.7 TMY Selection for Hong Kong Using Hourly Indices
Table 5.8 Critical Values of KS Statistic for 16 Years of Weather Data
Table 5.9 Comparison of KS Statistic and Their 2.5% Critical Values
Table 5.10 Deviations of Annual MWh for Different Weather Files
Table 5.11 Correlation Coefficients of Weather Parameters
Table 5.12 Multiple Linear Regression of Weather Parameters
Table 5.13 Correlation Coefficients of Hourly FS and KS Parameters
Table 5.14 Correlation Coefficients of Daily FS and KS Parameters
Table 5.15 Percentage Deviations of Selected TRY and TMY
Table 6.1 Comparison of Detailed Simulation Programs
Table 6.2 Descriptions of Base Case Office Building for Hong Kong
Table 6.3 Comparison of Building Envelope Parameters for Base Case Model
Table 6.4 Major Characteristics of Base Case Office Buildings in ASEAN and Hong Kong
Table 6.5 Different Forms of Sensitivity Coefficient
Table 6.6 Comparison of Electricity Consumption Breakdown
Table 6.7 Comparison of Energy Utilisation Index
Table 6.8 Comparison of Peak Cooling Load Breakdown
Table 6.9 Sensitivity Coefficients for Annual Electricity MWh
Table 6.10 Sensitivity Coefficients for Peak Electricity kW
Table 6.11 Summary of Regression Relationships for Annual MWh
Table 6.12 Perturbation Values for Multiple Regression Analysis
Table 6.13 Summary of Multiple Regression Models
Table 6.14 Perturbations Values for Multiple Regression Analysis for Building Envelope Parameters
Table 6.15 Summary of Multiple Regression Models for Building Envelope Parameters
Table 6.16 Perturbations Values for Multiple Regression Analysis for Cross Parameters
Table 6.17 Summary of Multiple Regression Models for Cross Parameters
Table 6.18 Regression Models for Twelve Parameters
Table A2.1 Monthly Average Dry-bulb Temperature of Hong Kong
  (a)  For Years 1960-1994
  (b)  For Years 1918-1939 and 1947-1959
  (c)   For Years 1884-1917
Table A2.2 Monthly Average Wet-bulb Temperature of Hong Kong
  (a)  For Years 1960-1994
  (b)  For Years 1918-1939 and 1947-1959
  (c)   For Years 1884-1917
Table A2.3 Monthly Average Dew-point Temperature of Hong Kong
 (a)  For Years 1960-1994
 (b)  For Years 1918-1939 and 1947-1959
 (c)   For Years 1884-1917
Table A2.4 Monthly Average Daily Total Global Solar Radiation of Hong Kong
Table A7.1 Base Case Values and Perturbations for Building Load
Table A7.2 Base Case Values and Perturbations for HVAC System
Table A7.3 Base Case Values and Perturbations for HVAC Refrigeration Plant

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

Organisations and institutions
ACEEE  American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy
ASEAN  Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASHRAE  American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers
BCD  Building Control Division (Singapore)
BEDTDC  Building Energy Design Tool Development Council
BEPAC  Building Environmental Performance Analysis Club
BOCA  Building Officials & Code Administrators International, Inc.
BOMA  Building Owners and Managers Association
BPA  Bonneville Power Administration
BRE  Building Research Establishment
BSI  British Standards Institution
BSRIA  Building Services Research and Information Association
CABO  Council of American Building Officials
CBPR  Centre for Building Performance Research (New Zealand)
CCBFC Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Code
CEC  California Energy Commission
CIBS  Chartered Institution of Building Services (Now CIBSE)
CIBSE  Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers
CIEE  California Institute for Energy Efficiency
CityU  City University of Hong Kong
CLP  China Light & Power Co. Ltd.
CSIRO Commonwealth Science and Industry Research Organisation
DBCD  Development & Building Control Division (Singapore)
DEDP  Department of Energy Development and Production (Thailand)
EEAC  Energy Efficiency Advisory Committee (Hong Kong)
EEO  Energy Efficiency Office (UK)
EIA  Energy Information Administration
EMSD  Electrical & Mechanical Services Department (Hong Kong)
EPRI  Electric Power Research Institute
GRI  Gas Research Institute
HKIA  Hong Kong Institute of Architects
HKIE  Hong Kong Institution of Engineers
LBL  Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
IBPSA  International Building Performance Simulation Association
ICBO  International Conference of Building Officials
IEA  International Energy Agency
JRP  J. Roger Preston & Partners
NCC  National Climatic Center
NCDC  National Climatic Data Center (formerly NCC)
NCSBCS  National Conference of States on Building Codes and Standards
NRCC  National Research Council of Canada
NREL  National Renewable Energy Laboratory (formerly SERI)
ORNL  Oak Ridge National Laboratory
PNL  Pacific Northwest Laboratory
RICS  Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
ROHK Royal Observatory Hong Kong
SANZ  Standards Association of New Zealand
SBCCI  Southern Building Code Congress International, Inc.
SERC  Science & Engineering Research Council (UK)
SERI  Solar Energy Research Institute (now NREL)
SII  Standards Institution of Israel
SISIR  Singapore Institute of Standards and Industrial Research
USDOE U.S. Department of Energy
WSL  Watsun Simulation Laboratory (Canada)

Research projects and computer programs
AEDOT  Advanced Energy Design and Operation Technologies
ASEAM  A Simplified Energy Analysis Method
AUSF  Australian format
AUTODOE2  automated simulation for DOE-2
BESA  Building Energy Systems Analysis
BLAST  Building Load Analysis & System Thermodynamics
BUNYIP  Building Energy Investigation Package
CADDET  Centre for the Analysis and Dissemination of Demonstrated    Energy Technologies
COMBINE  Computer Models for the Building Energy Industry in Europe
DOE-2  DOE-2 building energy simulation program
DOE2WTH  DOE-2 weather data processing
EKS-UK  Energy Kernel System (UK)
ESP-r  Environmental Systems Performance, version r
FREQ  frequency distribution
HAP  Hourly Analysis Program (from Carrier)
HVACSIM+  Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning Simulation Package   Plus
NPARM  nonparametric statistics
OKBLAST  automated simulation for BLAST
PASCOOL  Passive Cooling of Buildings
PASSYS  Passive Systems for Heating of Buildings
SPANK  Simulation Problem Analysis Kernel
SPARK  Simulation Problem Analysis and Research Kernel
SPSS  Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
TMYF  typical meteorological year format
TRACE 600  Trane Air Conditioning Economics program version 600
TRNSYS  A Transient System Simulation Program
TRYF  test reference year format
TRYSEL  ASHRAE test reference year selection
WIFE  weather information file encoder (in BLAST)
WSTAT  weather statistics

Climatic data and weather files
ATP  atmospheric pressure
CDB  coincident dry-bulb temperature
CLD  cloud amount
CWB  coincident wet-bulb temperature
CWEC Canadian Weather for Energy Calculations
DBT  dry-bulb temperature
DDB  design dry-bulb temperature
DPT  dew-point temperature
DRY  design reference year
DWB  design wet-bulb temperature
EC-TRY  European Community test reference year
GSR  global solar radiation
RHM  relative humidity
SOLMET  solar meteorological observations
SRY  short reference year
SUN  duration of bright sunshine
TMM  typical meteorological month
TMY  typical meteorological year
TKS  test reference year using Kimura-Stephenson cloud model   (also TRYKS)
TRY  test reference year
VAP  vapour pressure
WBT  wet-bulb temperature
WDR  wind direction
WSP  wind speed
WYEC  weather year for energy calculations
WYEC2  weather year for energy calculations, second version

Others
ASCII  American Standard Codes for Information Interchange
AT  space air temperature
BEPS  building energy performance standards
BES  building energy standard
BESS  building energy simulation station
CAV  constant air volume
CH  chilled water supply temperature
CP  coefficient of performance
COP  coefficient of performance
CDF  cumulative distribution function
EBL  energy budget level
ECPA  Energy Conservation and Production Act
EPAct  U.S. Energy Policy Act (1992)
EPCA  Energy Policy and Conservation Act
EPT  energy performance targets
EQ  equipment load
EUI  energy utilisation index
FE  fan efficiency
FS  Finkelstein-Schafer statistic or fan static pressure
GEPS  Great Energy Predictor Shootout
GFA  gross floor area
HK  Hong Kong
HVAC  heating, ventilating and air-conditioning
KS  Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic
LL  lighting load
MEC  Model Energy Code
OA  outdoor air flow
OC  occupancy
OTTV  Overall Thermal Transfer Value
PAL  perimeter annual load
PDF  probability distribution (or density) function
RMSD  root mean square difference
SC  shading coefficient
TS  thermostat (summer) cooling setpoint
UF  U-value of fenestration
UW   U-value of opaque wall
VAV  variable air volume
WF  weighting factors
WS  weighted sum average (of FS or KS statistic)
WR  window-to-wall ratio (gross wall area)
WWR  window-to-wall ratio (gross wall area)